Investigation of Foaming Capacity of Different Washing Soap PDF Download

IJIRT 149364 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 67

Investigation of Foaming Capacity of Different Washing

Soap

Pradnya B. Bhatane

, Yogesh Harangule

, Nandkishor B. Bavage

, Vidyasagar Gali

, Shyamlila B.

Bavage

B.Pharmacy Final Year, Latur College of Pharmacy Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist. Latur-413512,

Maharashtra, India

Department of Organic Chemistry, Latur College of Pharmacy Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist.

Latur-413512, Maharashtra, India

3,4

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Latur College of Pharmacy Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist.

Latur-413512, Maharashtra, India

Department of Pharmacognosy, Latur College of Pharmacy, Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist.

Latur-413512, Maharashtra, India

Abstract- Aim is to investigate foaming capacity of

different washing soap and effect of addition of sodium

carbonate on them. Soaps and detergents are cleaning

ingredients that are able to remove oil particles from

surfaces because of their unique chemical properties.

Soaps are created by the chemical reaction of a jetty

acid with on alkali metal hydroxide. In a chemical sense

soap is a salt made up of a corboxylix acid and an alkali

like sodium of potassium. The cleaning action of soap

and detergents is a result of thrill, ability to surround

oil particles on a surface and disperse it in water.

Index terms- Foam, Detergent, soap, chemicals

INTRODUCTION

Bar soap has been used for centuries and continues to

be an important product for batching and cleaning. It

is also a mild antiseptic and ingestible antidote for

certain poisons. SOAP is a common term for a

number of related compounds used as of washing

clothes or bathing. Soaps are sodium or potassium

salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid (C17

H35 COOH), politic acid (C15 H31 COOH) and

oleic acid (C17H35 COOH) they have the general

formula RCOONa and RCOONa. Soap is produced

by a saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a

fat or oil. Currently sodium carbonate or sodium

hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and

convert it to the salt.

MATERIAL REQURED

a. Apparatus Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml

test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test tube

stand, weight box and stop watch.

b. Chemicals Five different samples of soap and

distilled water.

THEORY

There is no quantitative method for the determination

of foaming capacity of soap. The foaming capacity of

soap depends upon concentration of soap in the

sample. Solution of different soap is prepared by

dissolving their equal weights in equal volumes of

distilled water. These solutions are shaken vigorously

to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand.

Time taken for the disappearance of foam is

measured for different samples. Longer the time

taken for the disappearance of foam in a given

sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity.

The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon

the nature of soap and its concentration. This can be

compared for various samples of soaps by taking the

same concentration of solution and shaking them.

The foam is formed and the time taken for

disappearances of foam in all cases is compared. The

lesser the time taken by a solution for the

disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming

capacity.

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap

solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends

to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes

foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a

unimolecular film on the surface of water and to

IJIRT 149364 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 68

penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap

molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and

surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in

it).The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion,

face the water away from the dirt. A number of soap

molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in

clustered structure called 'micelles', which encircles

such particles and emulsify them.

Procedure

Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and

numbered 1 to 5. In each of these flasks equal

amounts (say 5 gm) of the given samples of soap

shavings or granules are taken and 50 ml of distilled

water is added. Each conical flask is heated few

minutes to dissolve all the soap completely. In a test-

tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken

and numbered 1 to 5 One ml of the five soap solution

is then poured in the test tubes of corresponding

number. 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to

each test tube. Test tube no 1 is then shaken

vigorously 5 times. The foam would be formed in the

empty space above the container. Stop watch is

started immediately and the time taken for the

disappearance of foam is noted. Similarly the other

test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of

times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same

force and the time taken for the disappearance of

foam in each case is recorded. The lesser the time

taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the

foaming capacity.

TYPES OF SOAP

The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain

determines the unique properties of various soaps.

Tallow or animal fats give plimarily sodium stearate

(18 carbons) a very hard, insoluble soap. Fatty acids

with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a

matter of fact, 3inc stearate is used in talcum powders

because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is a source

of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be made into

sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble and will

lather easily even in sea water. Fatty acids with only

10 or fewer carbons are not used in soaps because

they irritate the skin and have objectionable odors

Description

The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain

determines the unique properties of various soaps.

Tallow or animal fats give plimarily sodium stearate

(18 carbons) a very hard, insoluble soap. Fatty acids

with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a

matter of fact, 3inc stearate is used in talcum powders

because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is a source

of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be made into

sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble and will

lather easily even in sea water. Fatty acids with only

10 or fewer carbons are not used in soaps because

they irritate the skin and have objectionable odors.

The general formula of soap is Fatty end water

soluble end CH3-(CH2) n COONa Soaps are useful

for cleaning because soap molecules have both

hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as

hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve on polar

grease molecules. Applied to a soiled surface, soapy

water effectively holds particles in colloidal

suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water.

The hydrophobic portion (made up of a long

hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils, while the

ionic end dissolves in water. The resultant forms a

round structure called micelle. Therefore, it allows

water to remove normally-insoluble matter by

emulsification.

Commercial production of soap the most popular

soap making process today is the cold process

method, where fats such as olive oil react with strong

alkaline solution, while home stayers use the

historical hot process. Handmade soap differs from

industrial soap in that, usually, an excess of fat is

sometimes used to consume the alkali (super fatting),

and in that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a

naturally moisturizing soap and not pure detergent.

Often, emollients such as jojoba oil osha butter are

added at trace (the point at which the saponification

process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has

begun to thicken), after most of the oils have

specified, so that they remain unreacted in the

finished soap. Fat in soap is derived from either

vegetable or animal fats.

Sodium Tallow ate, a common ingredient in much

soap, is derived from rendered beef fat. Soap can also

IJIRT 149364 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 69

be made of vegetable oils, such as palm oil, and the

product is typically softer. An array of saponifiable

oils and fats are used in the process such as olive,

coconut, palm, cocoa butter to provide different

qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in

soap; coconut oil provides lots of lather; while

coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Sometimes

castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. Smaller

amounts of unspecifiable oils and fats that do not

yield soap are sometimes added for further benefits.

Preparation of soap In cold-process and hot-process

soap making, heat may be required for saponification.

Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient

temperature to ensure the liquification of the fat

being used.

Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can

be used right away because the alkali and fat specify

more quickly at the higher temperatures used in hot-

process soap making. Hot- process soap making was

used when the purity of alkali was unreliable. Cold-

process soap making requires exact measurements of

alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio,

using saponification charts to ensure that the finished

product is mild and skin-friendly. Hot process In the

hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together

at 80100 C until saponification occurs, which the

soap maker can determine by taste or by eye. After

saponification has occurred, the soap is sometime

sprecipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the

excess liquid drained off.

The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold. Cold

process A cold-process soap maker first looks up the

saponification value of the fats being used on a

saponification chart, which is then used to calculate

the appropriate amount of alkali. Excess unreacted

alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and

can burn or irritate skin. Not enough alkali and the

soap are greasy. The alkali is dissolved in water.

Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at

room temperature. Once both substances have cooled

to approximately 100-110F (37-43C), and are no

more than 10F (~5.5C) apart, they may be combined.

This alkali-fat mixture is stirred until trace. There are

varying levels of trace. After much stirring, the

mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding.

Trace corresponds roughly to viscosity. Essential and

fragrance oils are added at light trace. Introduction to

the experiment Soap samples of various brands are

taken and their foaming capacity is noticed. Various

soap samples are taken separately and their foaming

capacity is observed.

The soap with the maximum foaming capacity is

thus, said to be having the best cleaning capacity. The

test requires to be done with distilled water as well as

with tap water. The test of soap on distilled water

gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning

capacity. The second test with tap water tests the

effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts on their foaming

capacities.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps

General Overall Hydrolysis Reaction

Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction,

it is in fact two steps. The net effect as that the ester

bonds all broken. The glycerol turns back into an

alcohol. The fatty acid is turned into a salt due to the

presence of a basic solution of NaoH. In the carboxyl

group, one oxygen now has a negative charge that

attracts the positive sodium ion. A molecule of soap

consists of two parts.

a) Alkyl group – it is oil soluble

b) Corboxyl group – It is water soluble

Sodium carbonate Effect

Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda

crystals or soda ash), Na2 CO3, is a sodium salt of

carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a

crystalline heptahedra, which readily effloresces to

form a white powder, the monohydrate; and is

domestically well known for its everyday use as a

water softener. It has a cooling alkaline taste, and can

be extracted from the ashes of many plants. It is

synthetically produced in large quantities from table

salt in a process known as the Solvay process.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate

Sodium carbonate is a white, crystalline and

hygroscopic powder with a purity of > 98 %. There

are two forms of sodium carbonate available, light

soda and dense soda. Impurities of sodium carbonate

may include water (< 1.5 %), sodium chloride (< 0.5

%), sulphate (< 0.1 %), calcium (< 0.1 %), and

magnesium (< 0.1 %) and iron (< 0.004 %). The

purity and the impurity profile depend on the

composition of the raw materials, the production

Overview

Investigation of Foaming Capacity of Different Washing Soap

The investigation explores the foaming capacity of various washing soaps and the impact of sodium carbonate on their effectiveness. It details the chemical properties of soaps, including their ability to emulsify oils and dirt, and describes the experimental procedure used to measure foam stability. This study is essential for understanding how different soap formulations perform in cleaning applications, particularly in hard versus soft water conditions. The findings are relevant for chemistry students and professionals interested in detergent formulation and effectiveness. Key Points Analyzes the foaming capacity of various washing soaps under controlled conditions. Explains the chemical reactions involved in soap production and its cleaning mechanisms. Details the experimental se…

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FAQs

What is the aim of the research on washing soap foaming capacity?

The aim of this research is to investigate the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to them. The study explores how soaps and detergents, which are cleaning agents, can remove oil particles from surfaces due to their unique chemical properties. By examining various soap samples, the research seeks to determine which soap has the highest foaming capacity, indicating better cleaning efficiency.

How is the foaming capacity of soap measured in this study?

The foaming capacity of soap is measured by preparing solutions of equal weights of different soaps in equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam, and the time taken for the foam to disappear is recorded. A longer time for foam disappearance indicates a greater foaming capacity. This method allows for a comparative analysis of the foaming abilities of various soap samples under controlled conditions.

What materials are required for the experiment on foaming capacity?

The materials required for the experiment include five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml test tubes, a 100ml measuring cylinder, a test tube stand, a weight box, and a stopwatch. Additionally, five different samples of soap and distilled water are needed to prepare the soap solutions. These materials facilitate the measurement of foaming capacity and enable the observation of how different soaps perform when mixed with water.

What types of soap were examined in the research?

The research examines various types of soap based on the fatty acids used and their carbon chain lengths. For instance, tallow or animal fats primarily yield sodium stearate, a hard and insoluble soap, while coconut oil provides lauric acid, resulting in sodium laurate, which is very soluble and lathers easily. The study highlights that fatty acids with longer chains are more insoluble, affecting the soap's properties and foaming capacity.

What effect does sodium carbonate have on soap foaming capacity?

Sodium carbonate, also known as washing soda, can influence the activity of soap in different water types. In hard water, it helps precipitate calcium carbonate, improving soap activity. However, in fresh water, it may reduce interfacial tension without forming soap bubbles. The research indicates that while sodium carbonate can affect foaming capacity, its overall impact on detergents is not significantly large.

What factors affect the foaming capacity of soap according to the study?

Several factors affect the foaming capacity of soap, including the presence of calcium, iron, and magnesium compounds in water, which can restrict foaming. Temperature also plays a role, as hot water tends to create more foam than cold water. Additionally, the motion of the solvent can increase foam formation, indicating that both chemical composition and physical conditions influence soap performance.

What conclusions were drawn about foaming capacity in distilled versus tap water?

The study concludes that the foaming capacity of soap is generally higher in distilled water compared to tap water. This is attributed to the absence of interfering minerals in distilled water, which allows for better foam formation. The soap that takes the longest time for foam to disappear is considered to have the highest foaming capacity, thus indicating superior cleaning quality among the tested soaps.