The Anatomy Lecture 2 Summary focuses on the detailed structure and function of major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It outlines their anatomical locations, relationships with surrounding structures, and the nerve and blood supply. This summary is essential for medical students and anatomy learners seeking a comprehensive understanding of the salivary system. Key topics include the histology of salivary glands and the clinical implications of salivary gland lesions. The document serves as a valuable resource for those preparing for anatomy exams or seeking to enhance their knowledge in human anatomy.

Key Points

  • Explains the anatomy and function of the parotid gland, including its blood supply and nerve innervation.
  • Details the structure and location of the submandibular and sublingual glands, highlighting their clinical significance.
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Digestive System
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Digestive System
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GIT SYSTEM
GIT SYSTEM
Anatomy
2 summary
Rama Ghanem
Anatomy lec - 2
Major salivary gland
Parotid gland
•largest one
• Consist of two parts - 1. Main part
2.Accessory part
small detached part, in front of
the main part. superficial to masseter,
aboveparotid duct.
Below zygomatic arch
• Main part :
Site ;
Lodged in gap bounded by :
Above: External auditory meatus.
Anteriorly: Ramus of mandible .
Posteriorly: Mastoid process .
Medially: Styloid process .
Shape ;
3 sided pyramid
Apex (lower end): it is directed downwards.
Base (upper end): it is directed upwards.
3 Surfaces:
1-Lateral surface (superficial).
2-Anterormedial surface (deep).
3-Posteromedial surface (deep).
3 Borders:
1- Anterior border.
2- Posterior border.
3- Medial border
• It gives passage to the two divisions of retromandibular vein.
• related to: cartilaginous part of external auditory meatus and posterior aspect of temporomandibular joint.
• It gives passage to: Superficial temporal vessels and auriculotemporal nerve.
It is related to; Skin, superficial fascia, parotid fascia (investing layer of deep cervical fascia),
superficial parotid lymph nodes.
It is related to; Masseter muscle, Ramus of mandible and Medial Pterygoid muscle.
It gives passage to; Maxillary vessels.
It is related to;
• Mastoid process, sternomastoid and posterior belly of digastric muscles.
• Styloid process and structures attached to it.
• Styloid process separates this surface from carotid sheath and its contents.
It gives passage (entrance) to: External carotid artery and facial nerve.
Parotid duct
• 5 cm
• It emerges from the anterior border of the gland.
• It passes forwards superficial to masseter m
• It pierces the following structures from superficial to deep;
Buccal pad of fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, buccinator muscle and
buccal mucous membrane.
• It opens upon a small papilla in the vestibule of mouth
opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth.
Parotid gland cont.
Structures inside the parotid gland
From superficial to deep ;
1-Facial nerve:
• It enters the gland through its posteromedial surface.
• It gives 5 terminal branches which emerge from the gland through its anterior border.
2-Retromandibular vein:
• It is formed within the gland by union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins.
• It ends at the lower part of the gland by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions (both emerge through
lower end of the gland).
3-External carotid artery:
• It enters parotid gland through posteromedial surface.
• It terminates within the gland by dividing into 2 terminal branches;
o Maxillary artery emerges through anteromedial surface of the gland .
o Superficial temporal artery emerges through upper end of the gland.
4-Other structures inside parotid: • Deep parotid lymph nodes. • Auriculotemporal nerve.
Parotid capsule
1. True capsule - dense connective tissue - part of stroma of the gland
2. False capsule ( parotid fascia) ;
Derived from investing deep fascia of the neck.
Formation : fascia divides at the gland into two laminae enclosing the gland.
a-Superficial lamina: passes superficial to the gland and attached above to zygomatic arch.
b-Deep lamina: passes deep to the gland. The part of this lamina between the styloid
process and angle of mandible is thickened and form the Stylomandibular ligament.
Supply of parotid gland
Blood supply : EC artery , retromandibular v.
Nerve supply :
Sympathetic fibers: originates from the superior cervical ganglion, travel along the plexus around the
external carotid artery to reach the parotid gland.
Parasympathetic fibers (secretomotor): The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the
inferior salivatory nucleus, and pass through the glossopharyngeal N. (CN IX), then through one of its
branches (lesser petrosal nerve), to synapses on the otic ganglion. The postganglionic parasympathetic
fibers that emerge from the otic ganglion reach the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.
Sensory: by auriculotemporal nerve.
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FAQs

What are the main functions of the parotid gland?
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and primarily produces serous saliva, which is rich in enzymes like amylase that aid in digestion. It plays a crucial role in moistening food, facilitating swallowing, and initiating the digestive process. The gland's secretions are transported through the parotid duct, which opens into the mouth near the upper second molar. Understanding its function is vital for recognizing conditions that may affect salivation and digestion.
How is the submandibular gland structured and where is it located?
The submandibular gland consists of two parts: a large superficial part located below the mylohyoid muscle and a small deep part situated in the floor of the mouth. This gland is responsible for producing both serous and mucous secretions, contributing to saliva's overall composition. Its duct emerges from the deep part and opens at the sublingual papilla, which is crucial for saliva delivery during the digestive process. Knowledge of its anatomy is important for surgical procedures and understanding salivary gland disorders.
What histological features are present in major salivary glands?
Major salivary glands contain a stroma made up of connective tissue that supports the glandular structure. The parenchyma includes secretory acini, which can be classified into serous, mucous, and mixed types, each with distinct cellular characteristics and secretory functions. Serous acini produce watery saliva rich in enzymes, while mucous acini secrete a thicker, lubricating fluid. Understanding these histological features is essential for diagnosing glandular diseases and understanding their physiological roles.
What clinical implications arise from lesions of the parotid gland?
Lesions of the parotid gland, such as tumors, can lead to significant complications, including facial nerve damage, which may result in unilateral facial paralysis. Malignant tumors are particularly aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues, complicating surgical interventions. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to preserve function and prevent further complications. Knowledge of these implications is vital for healthcare professionals dealing with head and neck conditions.
What is the role of myoepithelial cells in salivary glands?
Myoepithelial cells are specialized cells located between the basal lamina and the basal surface of secretory cells in salivary glands. Their contraction helps to expel saliva from the acini into the ducts, facilitating the secretion process. These cells play a critical role in regulating saliva flow and maintaining glandular health. Understanding their function is important for comprehending the overall physiology of salivary glands.

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