Immunization is a crucial procedure for preventing diseases through the administration of vaccines, immunoglobulins, and anti-sera. This guide covers active and passive immunity, detailing various types of vaccines such as live and inactivated vaccines. It outlines the National Immunization Schedule for infants and children, including specific vaccines and their administration protocols. Additionally, it discusses the importance of cold chain management in vaccine storage and transport. This resource is essential for healthcare professionals and students studying immunization practices.

Key Points

  • Explains active and passive immunity in the context of vaccination
  • Details the National Immunization Schedule for infants and children
  • Covers various types of vaccines including live and inactivated
  • Discusses the importance of cold chain management for vaccine efficacy
Sasi Tharoor
13 pages
Language:English
Type:Textbook
Immunology
Sasi Tharoor
13 pages
Language:English
Type:Textbook
Immunology
170
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IMMUNIZATION
Definition:
Immunization is a procedure where the immunizing agents are administered artificially to
produce specific protection against a given disease.
Immunizing agents: 1) Vaccines
2) Immunoglobulin
3) Anti-sera / (anti-toxins)
There are two types of immunity-
1) Active Immunity
2) Passive Immunity
Active Immunity:
It is the immunity which an individual develops as a result of infection or by specific
immunization, and is usually associated with presence of antibodies or cells having a specific
action on micro-organisms concerned with a particular infections disease or on its toxin.
Passive Immunity:
When antibodies produced in one body (human or animals) are transferred to another to induce
protection against disease, this is known as passive immunity. In other words, the body does
not produce its own antibodies but depends upon readymade ones.
VACCINES:
They are immunobiological substances designed to produce specific protection against a given
disease. It stimulates the production of protective antibodies and other immune cellular
fractions.
Vaccines may be prepared from live modified organisms, inactivated or killed
organisms, extracted cellular fractions, toxids or combination of these.
A) Live Vaccines:
Prepared from live organisms. They are more potent immunizing agents then killed vaccines.
Eg: BCG, Measles, Oral Polio.
Contraindications:
• Persons with immuno-deficiency diseases or persons whose immune response may be
suppressed due to leukemia, lymphoma or malignancy or treatment on corticosteroids.
• Pregnancy is also another contraindication to some live vaccines because of risk to the
foetus.
2
B) Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines:
Prepared from organisms killed by heat or chemicals, when injected into the body stimulates
active immunity.
Eg. Typhoid, Cholera pertussis, Influenza, rabies
Killed vaccines are less effective than live vaccines; usually require a primary series of 2-3
doses of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response and in most of cases booster doses
are required.
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
a) For Infants:
At birth - BCG and OPV - 0 dose
(for instutional deliveries)
BCG (if not given at birth) at 6 weeks
At 6 weeks - DPT-1, OPV-1 & Hepatitis B-1 (or Pentavalent-1& OPV-1)
10 weeks - DPT-2, OPV-2 & Hepatitis B-2 (or Pentavalent-2& OPV-2)
14 weeks - DPT-3, OPV-3 & Hepatitis B-3 (or Pentavalent-3& OPV-3)
At 9 months - Measles
b) At 16-24 months - DPT and OPV (1
st
booster)
c) At 5-6 years - DT / OPV (second booster dose)
d) At 10 and at 16 years - Tetanus toxoid
e) For pregnant women:
Early in pregnancy - TT-1 dose or Booster (if previous
pregnancy was within 3 years)
One month later - TT-2 dose
B.C.G. (BACILLI CALMETTE GUERIN)
Aim: Is to induce a benign artificial primary infection, which will stimulate an acquired
resistance to possible subsequent infection with virulent tubercle bacilli.
Types: 1) Liquid (fresh) vaccine & (2) Freeze – dried vaccine (more stable)
If BCG is stored at subzero temperature (-20
o
C), the vaccine will remain good for use up to 2
yrs. If it is stored at 2-8
o
C it is good for use for one month at city or district stores. At peripheral
level, at 2-8
o
C good for use up to one week.
3
Strain: Danish 1331
Dosage: 0.1ml; Newborn (< 4 weeks) - 0.05 ml.
Diluent: Normal saline (Nacl
2
), as distilled water may cause irritation.
The vaccine must be protected from exposure to light during storage (wrapped up in a double
layer of red or black cloth).
Route & site of administration: Intradermally using a ‘Tuberculin Syringe’ just above the origin
of the left deltoid muscle at acromion process of left arm.
Schedule: At birth or at 6 weeks
Complications:
1. Most common: a) Suppurative lymphadenitis
b) Local abscess
c) Prolonged severe ulceration at site of vaccination
d) Neurosis
2. Serious complications: a) Disseminated infection with BCG virus.
b) BCG ostroitis/osteomyelitis
Contraindications: 1) Generalized eczema
2) Infective dermatosis
3) Hypogammaglobunemia
4) H/o deficient immunity.
Protection value: Duration of protection is for 15 to 20 years. Range of protection varies from
0 to 80% in different parts of world.
Normal phenomena after vaccination:
Papule – within 2-3 weeks
Increases in size about 4-8 mm in about 5 weeks
Breaks in to shallow ulcer & covered with crust. Healing occur in 6-12 weeks.
Leaving permanent tiny round scar. Typically 4-8 mm. in diameter this is normal reaction.
Maximum age for immunization of BCG is up to 1 year, if not given at birth .
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FAQs

What are the two types of immunity described in the document?
The document outlines two types of immunity: Active Immunity and Passive Immunity. Active Immunity is developed by an individual as a result of infection or specific immunization, leading to the presence of antibodies or immune cells that specifically target microorganisms or their toxins. In contrast, Passive Immunity occurs when antibodies produced in one body are transferred to another, providing protection without the recipient's body producing its own antibodies.
What are the types of vaccines mentioned in the guide?
The guide identifies two main types of vaccines: Live Vaccines and Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines. Live Vaccines are prepared from live organisms and are more potent, examples include BCG and Measles. Inactivated Vaccines are made from organisms killed by heat or chemicals and typically require multiple doses for effective immunity, such as Typhoid and Rabies vaccines.
What is the National Immunization Schedule for infants?
According to the document, the National Immunization Schedule for infants includes several key vaccinations. At birth, infants receive BCG and OPV-0 doses. At 6 weeks, they receive DPT-1, OPV-1, and Hepatitis B-1. Additional doses are scheduled at 10 weeks (DPT-2, OPV-2, Hepatitis B-2) and 14 weeks (DPT-3, OPV-3, Hepatitis B-3). At 9 months, infants receive the Measles vaccine.
What are the complications associated with BCG vaccination?
The document lists several complications associated with BCG vaccination, including common issues like suppurative lymphadenitis, local abscesses, and prolonged severe ulceration at the vaccination site. Serious complications can include disseminated infection with the BCG virus and BCG osteitis or osteomyelitis. It is important to monitor for these complications post-vaccination.
What is the purpose of the Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI)?
Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI) aims to administer the oral polio vaccine to all children aged 0-5 years on a single day, regardless of their previous immunization status. The document states that two rounds of PPI are conducted during the low transmission season of polio, spaced 4-6 weeks apart, typically between November and February, to effectively control the spread of the disease.
How is the Measles vaccine stored and administered?
The Measles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine presented as a freeze-dried product. It should be stored at subzero temperatures (-20°C) at regional stores, where it remains potent for up to 3 months. If stored in a refrigerator, its potency lasts only 1 month. The vaccine is administered subcutaneously at the insertion of the right deltoid muscle, typically at 9 months of age.

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