Information and Communication Technology (ICT) encompasses the integration of hardware, software, and communication technologies to manage and transmit information effectively. This summary covers key concepts such as the components of a computer system, types of software, and the role of ICT in various sectors like education and business. It also explores the evolution of computers through different generations and highlights the importance of data management. Ideal for students and professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of ICT principles and applications.

Key Points

  • Explains the components of a computer system including hardware, software, and peopleware.
  • Covers the different types of software such as system software, application software, and utility software.
  • Describes the evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence.
  • Highlights the role of ICT in education, healthcare, and business sectors.
Lasini Jayasuriya
23 pages
Language:English
Type:Notes
Exams
Lasini Jayasuriya
23 pages
Language:English
Type:Notes
Exams
201
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1. What is ICT?
• ICT = Information and Communication Technology
• Combines hardware, software, networks and communication technologies to
store, process, and transmit information.
2. Data vs Information
Term
Meaning
Data
Raw facts and figures (e.g., 90, A)
Information
Processed, meaningful data (e.g., "Student scored 90
marks")
3. Components of a Computer System
1. Hardware – Physical parts (e.g., CPU, keyboard)
2. Software – Programs and applications (e.g., MS Word)
3. Peopleware – Users of the system
4. Procedures – Instructions/rules to operate systems
5. Data – Input to be processed
4. Types of Software
• System Software – OS (e.g., Windows, Linux)
• Application Software – User programs (e.g., Excel, Zoom)
• Utility Software – Helps system maintenance (e.g., antivirus)
5. Generations of Computers
1. 1st Gen – Vacuum tubes
2. 2nd Gen – Transistors
3. 3rd Gen – Integrated Circuits (ICs)
4. 4th Gen – Microprocessors
5. 5th Gen – AI & robotics (present)
6. Characteristics of Computers
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Automation
• Versatility
• Storage
• Diligence (no tiredness)
7. Categories of Computers
Category
Example
Supercompute
r
Weather
forecasting
Mainframe
Banks, airlines
Minicomputer
Research labs
Microcompute
r
Laptops, desktops
8. Input → Process → Output Cycle (IPO Model)
• Input: Data entered (e.g., via keyboard)
• Process: CPU processes data
• Output: Results shown (e.g., on monitor)
• Storage: Save for future use (e.g., hard drive)
9. Uses of ICT in Daily Life
• Education – Online learning, smart boards
• Health – EHR, medical scanning
• Business – E-commerce, ERP
• Entertainment – Streaming, gaming
• Communication – Email, messaging app
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle (FDE Cycle)
This is the process the CPU uses to carry out instructions in a computer program.
1. FETCH
• The Control Unit (CU) gets the next instruction from main memory (RAM).
• The instruction is fetched based on the Program Counter (PC).
• The PC keeps track of which instruction comes next.
• After fetching, PC is increased by 1.
2. DECODE
• The CPU decodes the instruction in the Control Unit.
• It translates the binary code into a command the CPU can understand (e.g., add,
move, load).
3. EXECUTE
• The decoded instruction is carried out by the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) or other
CPU parts.
• It may involve:
o Performing calculations
o Moving data between memory and registers
o Interacting with input/output devices
The cycle then repeats (fetch next instruction...).
Example
Suppose your program says:
ADD A, B
• Fetch: The instruction "ADD A, B" is fetched from memory.
• Decode: CPU understands it means add value in A to B.
• Execute: The CPU performs the addition and stores the result.
Why is it important?
• It’s how computers automatically and continuously run programs.
• Happens millions of times per second in modern CPUs.
🖥️ Startup Components in a Computer
1. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
• Stored in ROM (Read-Only Memory)
• Controls the initial startup of the computer
• Provides low-level communication between hardware and operating system
• Loads the operating system from the storage device (via bootloader)
• Provides settings for hardware configuration (boot order, etc.)
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FAQs

What are the main components of a computer system?
A computer system consists of several key components: hardware, which includes physical parts like the CPU and keyboard; software, which encompasses programs and applications; peopleware, referring to the users; procedures, which are the instructions for operating systems; and data, the input that needs processing. Each component plays a vital role in ensuring the computer functions effectively.
What types of software are included in ICT?
ICT includes various types of software categorized into system software, application software, and utility software. System software, such as operating systems like Windows and Linux, manages hardware resources. Application software allows users to perform specific tasks, like word processing or data analysis. Utility software helps maintain the system, including antivirus programs and disk management tools.
How has computer technology evolved over the years?
Computer technology has evolved through several generations, starting with the first generation using vacuum tubes, followed by transistors in the second generation. The third generation introduced integrated circuits, while the fourth generation saw the advent of microprocessors. Currently, we are in the fifth generation, characterized by artificial intelligence and robotics, which significantly enhance computing capabilities.
What is the significance of ICT in daily life?
ICT plays a crucial role in various aspects of daily life, including education, where it facilitates online learning and smart classrooms. In healthcare, it enables electronic health records and telemedicine. Businesses benefit from e-commerce and enterprise resource planning systems. Additionally, ICT enhances communication through emails and messaging apps, making it an integral part of modern society.

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